Jul. 5
داانه
PLATO
Q1_Why Plato banished poets of the republic? What is the name of his philosophy ? What is the mimetic theory of him? Explain
In his book X The Republic Plato has attached much existing poetry because he believed that it excited the emotions indiscriminately, inflaming our senses rather than speaking to our reason. He has complained that poets only dealt in reality than the charioteers and ships' captains they described. He says he may include the best poets who sing religious hymns, but poetry should not seduce us by her charms because poetry is harmful though charming. Finally , the poets and artists are lairs because they are three times removed from reality.
Plato's philosophical name is metaphysical idealism that based on the idea up in heaven where the Gods are exists in the idea or perfect version of everything .So, the ideal tree exists up there and the ideal chair and so on.
The theory of Plato is mimetic theory based on the idea that we come from Gods with ideas , so anything we do in life is only a copy of the original , ideal thing .
Q2_"all poetic imitation are ruinous to the understanding of the hearer" ? explain.
In his book X The Republic Plato's states that the poets and artists have no true knowledge , but they claim to, so they are lairs because they are three times removed from reality. So m he also attacked much existing poetry because he believed that it excited the emotions indiscriminately inflaming our senses rather than speaking to our reason.
Q3_According to Plato there are levels of the true knowledge of a bed, what are these?
According to Plato in his book X The Republic there are levels of the true knowledge of a bed. The guy who sleeps in one would have best , but not the perfect knowledge of it. Then the carpenter who would make one would have pretty good knowledge. Finally, the poets and artists have no true knowledge , but they claim to , so they are liars because they are three times removed from reality.
Aristotle
Q4_ According to Aristotle:
What are the kinds of poetry? _A
In his book The Poetic Aristotle has written the kinds of poetry, so according to him that all poetry imitates with each kind imitates differently . The three main kinds of poetry are the epic, the dramatic and dithyrambic or lyric poetry . Dramatic comes under the imitate men in action with two of them. This point explains the distinction between comedy and tragedy. One of them is Tragic that is serious , noble actions , graver and better than us . Another one is Comic that is trivial , ignoble actions and worse than us .
The causes of imitation?_B
In his book The Poetic Aristotle talks about the imitation of having two causes with both rooted in human nature .One of the causes is natural instinct to imitate the experience of learning things is highly enjoyable .Even the imitation of bad things that is the beasts , can give us pleasure simply by its exactness. Another cause is that man's natural instinct for tune and rhythm.
C _The difference between tragedy and epic?
In his book The Poetic Aristotle differentiates between tragedy and epic. Tragedy is shorter and dramatic, it is in duration of 24 hours and it is better than epic. Epic is different in kinds of verse and narrative form , its length and its constituents.
Three moods of imitations?_D
In his book The Poetic Aristotle describes three moods of imitations. One of them is medium which is a form in a language , color , form, voice , rhythm or harmony , singly or combined . singing , dancing and poetry have different mediums . The second one is the object which is a content in the imitates men in action. That can be better, worse or similar to real life comedy or tragedy . Finally , the manner that is a style of dramatic in narrative first person and third person.
The definition of Tragedy?_E
Tragedy is an imitation of an action that is serious , complete and of an certain magnitude ; in language embellished with each kind of artistic ornament , the several kinds being found in separate parts of the play ;in the form of action , not of narratives; through pity and fear effecting the proper purgation of these emotions.
What does Aristotle mean by "purgation" or "catharsis"? _F
It seems likely that Aristotle is implicitly referring to the mean of qualities and behavior of physical , mental , ethical and social which is the basis of his discussion of humanity in other works , and suggesting that tragedy help to keep fear and pity in their due proportions by allowing for a kind of ritual purgation of these emotion .
G_" Tragedy is the imitation man of action " ,explain.
In his book The Poetic according to Aristotle plot is an object and it is the most important element since tragedy is a representation not of men but of action and life .There could be no tragedy without action , but there can be one without character.
What are the important characteristics for tragedy? _H
In his book The Poetic Aristotle discusses the characteristic of tragedy into six constituent parts of tragedy . first of all, plot is an object and it is the most important element since tragedy is a representation not of men , but of action and life . there could be no tragedy without action , but there can be one without character. That is what certain individual do . The episodes must lead into each other with cause and effect . The event also must be in one chain . so, plot is the soul of tragedy. Secondly, comes character is an object also . so, the character should be good , true to type and social standing like women should not be manly or slaves dominant, life like and consistent. Hero must have a Tragic Flaw. The third one is thought which is an object , it must contain a moral lesson and a theme . The fourth is diction which is a medium and contains of words and choice of diction. The fifth is spectacle which is a manner and contains setting , element of stage and effect . Finally ,is chorus which is a medium and contains songs necessary for perfect
tragedy .
I _The difference between historian and the poet ?
The historian writes about what has actually happened , it concerns itself with particular concrete facts. While poet deals what might happen. Hence , poetry is more philosophical and deserves more serious attention than history and it concerns itself with universal truths.
J _The four quantities parts of a tragedy ?
Aristotle discusses four quantities parts and they are prologue ,episode , exode , and choric song .The whole purpose of a tragedy is to experience catharsis. It is a cure for repressed emotion. Pity and fear are evoked in us . It brings us to tears.
K _The differences between Plato & Aristotle?
Aristotle differentiated the idea between Plato and himself. Aristotle believes that we do not simply react to what we are shown , as Plato rather assumes, but also to how we are shown it . Aristotle is not concerned with the metaphysics of mimesis , as Plato had been ; he is content to observe in a factual way that men are naturally imitative , that they enjoy imitating . Aristotle puts forward of the view , at least in respect of tragedy , that poetry, while exciting the emotions , somehow controls and channels them. Plato has attacked much existing poetry because he believed that it excited the emotions indiscriminately inflaming our senses rather than speaking to our reason . Aristotle insists that they are dealing in a different kinds of truth that is the universal truth , imaginatively speculating on the possibilities of human experience , but Plato has complained that poets only deal in reality than the charioteers and ships' captains they described .
Longinus
How does Longinus define Sublimity? What is required ? what are the 3 vices of sublimity? And what are the five sources of sublimity according to him ?
In his book On the Sublime Longinus defines sublimity that the sublime consists in a certain loftiness and excellence of language , strokes of sublimity scatters everything before it , like a thunderbolt and in a flash reveals the power of the speaker .
Longinus asks himself a question saying if there is any art which can teach sublimity and he answers also that poet is part of genius and art . Nature is the only art that begets genius which is fortune and the poet or the author comes from natural gift . It is not something that is learnt . The difference in art is that there are education , technique skill , poem work and study of art and linguistic expression .
Longinus discusses three vices or faults that militate against sublimity . First of all , is a bombast or swelling diction arises from the desire to outdo the sublime. Next , the puerility or frigidity and is used of unusual silly affectations of silly and weak statements or analogies and comparisons that miss the mark . Poet tend to forget themselves at times for the sake of such trivial effects . In an attempt to strike new ideas they fall into absurdities . Finally , the false sentiment and is an empty display of emotions which there are hollow , irrelevant , tedious , personal and misplaced emotions of pathos .
He states five sources of sublimity . The first one is grandeur of thought that is an ability to form grand conceptions. Next , a vigorous and spirited treatment of passions that is the stimulus of powerful and inspired emotions . After that , the proper formation of figures of speech and thought which dignified and artistic employment of figurative language . Fourthly , dignified expression that comes through the use of noble dictions, the use of imagery and the elaboration of style . Finally , the majesty and elevation of structure and this source results from dignity and elevation of structure .
" sublime part genius part art", explain?
In his book On the Sublime Longinus asks himself a question saying if there is any art which can teach sublimity and he answers also that poet is part of genius and art . Nature is the only art that begets genius which is fortune and the poet or the author comes from natural gift . It is not something that is learnt . The difference in art is that there are education , technique skill , poem work and study of art and linguistic expression .
" Amplification is the opposite of sublime " . explain
In his book On the Sublime Longinus reveals in here the opposite of sublime is amplification . Sublimity is the soul that associated with a single idea , consists in elevation and it is quality idea . The amplification is the body associated with the gathering of all the constituent parts and topics of a subject , emphasizing the argument. It consists of all details and it gives extension to subject . It is quantity and certain amount of redundancy . It adds substance and strength to the argument by dwelling on it. In short it is the accumulation of all the small points and incidental topics bearing on the subject matter.
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